Conferences
• (May 2023). Collective nouns and the distribution problem. Communication at Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
• (October 2019). Mereological choices for count nouns and mass nouns. Communication at University of Utrecht, Netherlands.
• (October 2019). The unexplained symmetric reading of reciprocal sentences. Poster presented at the workshop on the Cross-Linguistic Semantics of Reciprocals, University of Utrecht, Netherlands.
• (September 2019). Grammatical mood and ambiguity aversion. Communication at the 10th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics, Lisbon, Portugal.
• (June 2019). Mereological choices for count nouns and mass nouns. Communication at Arché, University of St Andrews, UK.
• (November 2018). Pluriels et méréologie. Communication at Institut Henri Poincaré, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France.
• (October 2018). Plurals and mereology. Communication at Heinrich-Heine Dusseldorf University, Germany.
• (September 2018). Mereological choices for count nouns and mass nouns. Communication at Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
• (July 2018). Matter and mixtures. Communication at the conference SOPHA 2018, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique.
• (June 2018). Comments on chapters 3 and 6. Workshop on "The many and the one", book manuscript by Florio & Linnebo, Department of Philosophy, University of Oslo, Norway.
• (May 2018). Mereological choices for count nouns and mass nouns. Communication at the Department of Philosophy, University of Leeds, UK.
• (May 2018). Mereological choices for count nouns and mass nouns. Communication at conference on the Count-Mass Distinction, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
• (December 2017). Deux pommes et demie. Communication at the workshop Quanti, Montpellier University, France.
• (November 2017). Matière et mélanges. Communication at the Institut Henri Poincaré, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France.
• (September 2017). Matter and mixtures. Communication at Yonsei University, Songdo, Korea.
• (May 2017). Mass and count: grammar, ambiguity, and polysemy. Communication at the workshop in honor of Sylvain Bromberger, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.
• (March 2017). Matter and mixtures. Communication at the Department of Philosophy, University of Birmingham, UK.
• (February 2017). Things and stuff: does language influence thought? Communication at the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Birmingham, UK.
• (November 2016). Mass nouns. Communication at the LIRMM, Montpellier, France.
• (November 2015). Matter and mixtures. Communication at the Department of Philosophy, University of Manchester, UK.
• (October 2015). Matière et mélanges. Communication at the conference MassCoLex, University of Strasbourg, France.
• (October 2015). Matter and mixtures. Communication at the Institut Jean Nicod, Paris, France.
• (September 2015). Plurals and mereology. Communication at the conference Pluralism, Logic, and Language, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
• (May 2015). Plurals and mereology. Communication at the Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, London, UK.
• (April 2015). Derived mass nouns, tropes, states and events. Communication at the conference Nominalizations, Hamburg, Germany.
• (December 2014). Two and a half apples. Communication at the workshop Determiners and Inferences, Paris-Sorbonne University, France.
• (October 2014). Two and a half apples. Communication at the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, MIT, Boston, USA.
• (October 2014). Plural logic and sensitivity to order. Communication at the Department of Linguistics, University McGill, Montreal, Canada.
• (October 2014). Plural logic and sensitivity to order. Communication at the Department of Philosophy, New York University, New York, USA.
• (October 2014). Plural logic and sensitivity to order. Communication at the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, MIT, Boston, USA.
• (May 2014). Plural logic and sensitivity to order. Communication at the Centre for the Study of Mind in Nature, Oslo, Norway.
• (May 2014). Plural logic and sensitivity to order. Communication at the Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, London, UK.
• (March 2014). Comments on Snyder & Shapiro "Frege and the Real Numbers". Communication at the conference Semantics of Cardinals, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
• (December 2013). Deadjectival nouns in Mandarin. Communication at the workshop Determiners and Inferences, Paris-Sorbonne University, France.
• (September 2013). Adjectival nouns in Mandarin. Communication at the 8th Conference of the European Association of Chinese Linguistics, Paris, France.
• (September 2013). Mass and count. Communication at the conference Semantics: Mathematics of Psychology, Princeton, USA.
• (June 2013). Mixtures over time. Communication at the Workshop on Determiners and Inferences, Paris-Sorbonne University, France.
• (April 2013). Mixtures, identity over time, and non-singular logic. Communication at the conference Identity and paradox, Lille, France.
• (December 2012). The logic of mass expressions. Tutorial at the conference Mass/count in linguistics, philosophy and cognitive science, Paris, France.
• (December 2012). Plurals, order, and repetition. Communication at the Workshop Determiners and Inferences, Paris-Sorbonne University, France.
• (October 2012). Mass nouns and plural logic (and mixtures). Communication at the conference Logic, Metaphysics, and Morals of Plurals and Mass Terms, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.
• (October 2012). The logic of mass expressions. Communication at the conference Logic, Metaphysics, and Morals of Plurals and Mass Terms, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.
• (June 2012). The logic of mass expressions. Communication at the Workshop on Determiners and Inferences, Paris-Sorbonne University, France.
• (June 2012). The identification of orderings. Communication at the conference Semantics and Philosophy in Europe 5, Turino, Italy.
• (April 2012). The logic of mass expressions. Communication at the University of Connecticut Group in Philosophical and Mathematical Logic, Storrs, USA.
• (April 2012). The logic of mass expressions. Communication at the Department of Linguistics, University McGill, Canada.
• (April 2012). The logic of mass expressions. Communication at the Department of Linguistics, Paris 7, France.
• (June 2011). La comparaison interadjectivale relative. Communication at the Workshop on Determiners and Inferences, Paris-Sorbonne University, France.
• (March 2011). Nominalizations and tropes. Communication at the conference Syntax and Semantics of Nounhood and Adjectivehood, Barcelona, Spain.
• (June 2010). Plurals and singularism. Communication at the conference Varieties of Higher Order Logic, London, Great Britain.
• (June 2010). Semantic theories for plurals. Communication at the conference Philosophy & Model Theory, Nanterre & Paris, France.
• (January 2010). Semantics for plurals. Communication at the seminar Genius, Paris, France.
• (September 2009). Semantics for plurals. Communication at the conference Absolute Generality, Paris, France.
• (March 2009). Sémantique des expressions massives dérivées d'expressions graduables. Communication at the Groupement de Recherche en Philosophie Experimentale (EHESS), Paris, France.
• (January 2009). Mass nouns and plural logic. Communication at Leiden University Center for Linguistics, Leiden, Netherlands.
• (January 2009). Towards a semantics for mass expressions derived from gradable expressions. Communication at Leiden University Center for Linguistics, Leiden, Netherlands.
• (October 2008). Comments on Chiara Panizza's "Thinking and talking of abstract artifacts through mental files". Communication at the IJN-Logos workshop on Semantic relativism and context-dependency, Barcelona, Spain.
• (June 2008). Comments on Tobias Rosefeldt's "Pleonastic Platonism for Cheap!" Communication at the conference MetaMetaphysics, Barcelona, Spain.
• (April 2008). Mass nouns and plural logic. Communication at the conference Journées de Sémantique et Modélisation, Toulouse, France.
• (February 2008). Towards a semantics for mass expressions derived from gradable expressions. Communication at the Department of Traduction and Philology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
• (December 2007). Mass nouns and plural logic. Communication at the conference 16th Amsterdam Colloquium, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
• (October 2007). Superplurals in English. Communication at the conference Semantics Beyond Set Theory, Paris, France.
• (June 2007). Can mereological sums serve as the semantic values of plurals? Communication at the conference New Advances on Plurality. Paris, France.
• (May 2007). Can mereological sums serve as the semantic values of plurals? Communication at the Department of Philosophy, Bristol, UK.
• (May 2007). Can mereological sums serve as the semantic values of plurals? Communication at the Department of Philosophy, Cambridge, UK.
• (April 2007). Mass nouns and plural logic. Communication at the conference Formal Semantics in Moscow 3, Moscow, Russia.
• (November 2006). Mass nouns, plurals, and non-singular logic: are mass nouns non-singular terms? Communication at Institut Jean Nicod, Paris, France.
• (September 2006). Mass nouns, plurals, and non-singular logic: are mass nouns non-singular terms? Communication at the conference of the Société de Philosophie Analytique (SOPHA). Aix-en-Provence, France.
• (May 2005). The semantics of mass nouns derived from gradable verbs. Communication at the conference 33 annual meeting of the Society for Exact Philosophy, Toronto, Canada.
• (March 2005). The semantics of mass nouns derived from gradable verbs. Communication at the conference Journées de Sémantique et Modélisation, Paris, France.
• (September 2004). The semantics of nouns derived from gradable verbs. Communication at the conference Deverbal nouns, Lille, France.
• (March 2004). The semantics of nouns derived from gradable adjectives. Communication at the conference Journées de Sémantique de Modélisation 2004, Lyon, France.
• (March 2004). The semantics of nouns derived from gradable adjectives. Communication at the Department of Linguistics, Paris 7 University, France.
• (October 2003). The semantics of nouns derived from gradable adjectives. Communication at the conference Sinn und Bedeutung 8, Frankfurt, Germany.
• (June 2003). Adverbes de degrés et structure événementielle. Communication at the conference Degrés et scalarité en sémantique, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
• (May 2003). About the distinction between ‘objects’ and ‘non-objects’. Commentary at the conference Journées Objet, Paris, France.
• (March 2003). Types of degrees and degree adverbials. Communication at the conference Journées Sémantique et Modélisation 2003, Paris, France.
• (February 2003). Types of degrees and types of event structures. Communication at the conference Event Arguments in Syntax, Semantics and Discourse, Munich, Germany.
• (June 2002). Nominal existential sentences and the telic / atelic distinction in French. Communication at the conference Chronos, Groningen, Netherlands.
• (November 2001). Conversions of count nouns into mass nouns in French. Communication at the conference Semantics, Pragmatics, Rhetoric 01, San Sebastien, Spain.
• (August 2001). Is there anything characteristic about the meaning of a count noun? Communication at the conference Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States, Montreal, Canada.
• (April 2001). Do mass nouns constitute a semantically uniform class? Communication at the conference Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Association of Great Britain, Leeds, UK.
• (January 2001). What are the basic semantic properties of mass nouns and count nouns? Communication at the Department of Linguistics, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.
• (January 2001). Mass and count noun reference to individuals and the N-part-of relation. Poster at the conference Reference and Coherence, Utrecht, Netherlands.
• (July 2000). Le format des représentations spatiales: une approche interdisciplinaire. Communication at the Department of Philosophy, University of Montreal, Canada.
• (July 2000). Conversions between count nouns and mass nouns in French. Communication at the Departement of Linguistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
• (June 2000). Peut-on caractériser la distinction entre noms massifs et noms comptables en termes sémantiques? Communication at LATTICE, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.
• (November 1999). La distinction massif / comptable. Aspects linguistiques et conceptuels. Communication at SILEX, Lille 3 University, Lille, France.
• (April 1997). Two for one: learning to count visitors differently from persons. Poster presented to the conference Bi-annual Meeting of the Society for Research on Child Development, Washington D.C., USA.
• (March 1997). Count nouns, mass nouns and their acquisition. Communication at the Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
• (August 1996). The logic of kinds: towards characterizing the mind's logical competence. Communication at the conference 16th International Congress of Psychology, Montreal, Canada.
• (February 1996). Les relations de dépendance et leur formalisation dans la tradition husserlienne. Communication at the Department of Mathematics, University of Montreal, Canada.
• (October 1995). Deux pour un: les enfants distinguent-ils les patients des personnes? Poster presented at the conference 18ème Congrès Annuel de la Société Québécoise de Recherche en Psychologie, Ottawa, Canada.
• (February 1995). The language of vision. Communication at the Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
• (May 2023). Collective nouns and the distribution problem. Communication at Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
• (October 2019). Mereological choices for count nouns and mass nouns. Communication at University of Utrecht, Netherlands.
• (October 2019). The unexplained symmetric reading of reciprocal sentences. Poster presented at the workshop on the Cross-Linguistic Semantics of Reciprocals, University of Utrecht, Netherlands.
• (September 2019). Grammatical mood and ambiguity aversion. Communication at the 10th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics, Lisbon, Portugal.
• (June 2019). Mereological choices for count nouns and mass nouns. Communication at Arché, University of St Andrews, UK.
• (November 2018). Pluriels et méréologie. Communication at Institut Henri Poincaré, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France.
• (October 2018). Plurals and mereology. Communication at Heinrich-Heine Dusseldorf University, Germany.
• (September 2018). Mereological choices for count nouns and mass nouns. Communication at Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
• (July 2018). Matter and mixtures. Communication at the conference SOPHA 2018, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique.
• (June 2018). Comments on chapters 3 and 6. Workshop on "The many and the one", book manuscript by Florio & Linnebo, Department of Philosophy, University of Oslo, Norway.
• (May 2018). Mereological choices for count nouns and mass nouns. Communication at the Department of Philosophy, University of Leeds, UK.
• (May 2018). Mereological choices for count nouns and mass nouns. Communication at conference on the Count-Mass Distinction, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
• (December 2017). Deux pommes et demie. Communication at the workshop Quanti, Montpellier University, France.
• (November 2017). Matière et mélanges. Communication at the Institut Henri Poincaré, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France.
• (September 2017). Matter and mixtures. Communication at Yonsei University, Songdo, Korea.
• (May 2017). Mass and count: grammar, ambiguity, and polysemy. Communication at the workshop in honor of Sylvain Bromberger, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.
• (March 2017). Matter and mixtures. Communication at the Department of Philosophy, University of Birmingham, UK.
• (February 2017). Things and stuff: does language influence thought? Communication at the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Birmingham, UK.
• (November 2016). Mass nouns. Communication at the LIRMM, Montpellier, France.
• (November 2015). Matter and mixtures. Communication at the Department of Philosophy, University of Manchester, UK.
• (October 2015). Matière et mélanges. Communication at the conference MassCoLex, University of Strasbourg, France.
• (October 2015). Matter and mixtures. Communication at the Institut Jean Nicod, Paris, France.
• (September 2015). Plurals and mereology. Communication at the conference Pluralism, Logic, and Language, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
• (May 2015). Plurals and mereology. Communication at the Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, London, UK.
• (April 2015). Derived mass nouns, tropes, states and events. Communication at the conference Nominalizations, Hamburg, Germany.
• (December 2014). Two and a half apples. Communication at the workshop Determiners and Inferences, Paris-Sorbonne University, France.
• (October 2014). Two and a half apples. Communication at the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, MIT, Boston, USA.
• (October 2014). Plural logic and sensitivity to order. Communication at the Department of Linguistics, University McGill, Montreal, Canada.
• (October 2014). Plural logic and sensitivity to order. Communication at the Department of Philosophy, New York University, New York, USA.
• (October 2014). Plural logic and sensitivity to order. Communication at the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, MIT, Boston, USA.
• (May 2014). Plural logic and sensitivity to order. Communication at the Centre for the Study of Mind in Nature, Oslo, Norway.
• (May 2014). Plural logic and sensitivity to order. Communication at the Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, London, UK.
• (March 2014). Comments on Snyder & Shapiro "Frege and the Real Numbers". Communication at the conference Semantics of Cardinals, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
• (December 2013). Deadjectival nouns in Mandarin. Communication at the workshop Determiners and Inferences, Paris-Sorbonne University, France.
• (September 2013). Adjectival nouns in Mandarin. Communication at the 8th Conference of the European Association of Chinese Linguistics, Paris, France.
• (September 2013). Mass and count. Communication at the conference Semantics: Mathematics of Psychology, Princeton, USA.
• (June 2013). Mixtures over time. Communication at the Workshop on Determiners and Inferences, Paris-Sorbonne University, France.
• (April 2013). Mixtures, identity over time, and non-singular logic. Communication at the conference Identity and paradox, Lille, France.
• (December 2012). The logic of mass expressions. Tutorial at the conference Mass/count in linguistics, philosophy and cognitive science, Paris, France.
• (December 2012). Plurals, order, and repetition. Communication at the Workshop Determiners and Inferences, Paris-Sorbonne University, France.
• (October 2012). Mass nouns and plural logic (and mixtures). Communication at the conference Logic, Metaphysics, and Morals of Plurals and Mass Terms, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.
• (October 2012). The logic of mass expressions. Communication at the conference Logic, Metaphysics, and Morals of Plurals and Mass Terms, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.
• (June 2012). The logic of mass expressions. Communication at the Workshop on Determiners and Inferences, Paris-Sorbonne University, France.
• (June 2012). The identification of orderings. Communication at the conference Semantics and Philosophy in Europe 5, Turino, Italy.
• (April 2012). The logic of mass expressions. Communication at the University of Connecticut Group in Philosophical and Mathematical Logic, Storrs, USA.
• (April 2012). The logic of mass expressions. Communication at the Department of Linguistics, University McGill, Canada.
• (April 2012). The logic of mass expressions. Communication at the Department of Linguistics, Paris 7, France.
• (June 2011). La comparaison interadjectivale relative. Communication at the Workshop on Determiners and Inferences, Paris-Sorbonne University, France.
• (March 2011). Nominalizations and tropes. Communication at the conference Syntax and Semantics of Nounhood and Adjectivehood, Barcelona, Spain.
• (June 2010). Plurals and singularism. Communication at the conference Varieties of Higher Order Logic, London, Great Britain.
• (June 2010). Semantic theories for plurals. Communication at the conference Philosophy & Model Theory, Nanterre & Paris, France.
• (January 2010). Semantics for plurals. Communication at the seminar Genius, Paris, France.
• (September 2009). Semantics for plurals. Communication at the conference Absolute Generality, Paris, France.
• (March 2009). Sémantique des expressions massives dérivées d'expressions graduables. Communication at the Groupement de Recherche en Philosophie Experimentale (EHESS), Paris, France.
• (January 2009). Mass nouns and plural logic. Communication at Leiden University Center for Linguistics, Leiden, Netherlands.
• (January 2009). Towards a semantics for mass expressions derived from gradable expressions. Communication at Leiden University Center for Linguistics, Leiden, Netherlands.
• (October 2008). Comments on Chiara Panizza's "Thinking and talking of abstract artifacts through mental files". Communication at the IJN-Logos workshop on Semantic relativism and context-dependency, Barcelona, Spain.
• (June 2008). Comments on Tobias Rosefeldt's "Pleonastic Platonism for Cheap!" Communication at the conference MetaMetaphysics, Barcelona, Spain.
• (April 2008). Mass nouns and plural logic. Communication at the conference Journées de Sémantique et Modélisation, Toulouse, France.
• (February 2008). Towards a semantics for mass expressions derived from gradable expressions. Communication at the Department of Traduction and Philology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
• (December 2007). Mass nouns and plural logic. Communication at the conference 16th Amsterdam Colloquium, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
• (October 2007). Superplurals in English. Communication at the conference Semantics Beyond Set Theory, Paris, France.
• (June 2007). Can mereological sums serve as the semantic values of plurals? Communication at the conference New Advances on Plurality. Paris, France.
• (May 2007). Can mereological sums serve as the semantic values of plurals? Communication at the Department of Philosophy, Bristol, UK.
• (May 2007). Can mereological sums serve as the semantic values of plurals? Communication at the Department of Philosophy, Cambridge, UK.
• (April 2007). Mass nouns and plural logic. Communication at the conference Formal Semantics in Moscow 3, Moscow, Russia.
• (November 2006). Mass nouns, plurals, and non-singular logic: are mass nouns non-singular terms? Communication at Institut Jean Nicod, Paris, France.
• (September 2006). Mass nouns, plurals, and non-singular logic: are mass nouns non-singular terms? Communication at the conference of the Société de Philosophie Analytique (SOPHA). Aix-en-Provence, France.
• (May 2005). The semantics of mass nouns derived from gradable verbs. Communication at the conference 33 annual meeting of the Society for Exact Philosophy, Toronto, Canada.
• (March 2005). The semantics of mass nouns derived from gradable verbs. Communication at the conference Journées de Sémantique et Modélisation, Paris, France.
• (September 2004). The semantics of nouns derived from gradable verbs. Communication at the conference Deverbal nouns, Lille, France.
• (March 2004). The semantics of nouns derived from gradable adjectives. Communication at the conference Journées de Sémantique de Modélisation 2004, Lyon, France.
• (March 2004). The semantics of nouns derived from gradable adjectives. Communication at the Department of Linguistics, Paris 7 University, France.
• (October 2003). The semantics of nouns derived from gradable adjectives. Communication at the conference Sinn und Bedeutung 8, Frankfurt, Germany.
• (June 2003). Adverbes de degrés et structure événementielle. Communication at the conference Degrés et scalarité en sémantique, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
• (May 2003). About the distinction between ‘objects’ and ‘non-objects’. Commentary at the conference Journées Objet, Paris, France.
• (March 2003). Types of degrees and degree adverbials. Communication at the conference Journées Sémantique et Modélisation 2003, Paris, France.
• (February 2003). Types of degrees and types of event structures. Communication at the conference Event Arguments in Syntax, Semantics and Discourse, Munich, Germany.
• (June 2002). Nominal existential sentences and the telic / atelic distinction in French. Communication at the conference Chronos, Groningen, Netherlands.
• (November 2001). Conversions of count nouns into mass nouns in French. Communication at the conference Semantics, Pragmatics, Rhetoric 01, San Sebastien, Spain.
• (August 2001). Is there anything characteristic about the meaning of a count noun? Communication at the conference Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States, Montreal, Canada.
• (April 2001). Do mass nouns constitute a semantically uniform class? Communication at the conference Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Association of Great Britain, Leeds, UK.
• (January 2001). What are the basic semantic properties of mass nouns and count nouns? Communication at the Department of Linguistics, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.
• (January 2001). Mass and count noun reference to individuals and the N-part-of relation. Poster at the conference Reference and Coherence, Utrecht, Netherlands.
• (July 2000). Le format des représentations spatiales: une approche interdisciplinaire. Communication at the Department of Philosophy, University of Montreal, Canada.
• (July 2000). Conversions between count nouns and mass nouns in French. Communication at the Departement of Linguistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
• (June 2000). Peut-on caractériser la distinction entre noms massifs et noms comptables en termes sémantiques? Communication at LATTICE, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.
• (November 1999). La distinction massif / comptable. Aspects linguistiques et conceptuels. Communication at SILEX, Lille 3 University, Lille, France.
• (April 1997). Two for one: learning to count visitors differently from persons. Poster presented to the conference Bi-annual Meeting of the Society for Research on Child Development, Washington D.C., USA.
• (March 1997). Count nouns, mass nouns and their acquisition. Communication at the Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
• (August 1996). The logic of kinds: towards characterizing the mind's logical competence. Communication at the conference 16th International Congress of Psychology, Montreal, Canada.
• (February 1996). Les relations de dépendance et leur formalisation dans la tradition husserlienne. Communication at the Department of Mathematics, University of Montreal, Canada.
• (October 1995). Deux pour un: les enfants distinguent-ils les patients des personnes? Poster presented at the conference 18ème Congrès Annuel de la Société Québécoise de Recherche en Psychologie, Ottawa, Canada.
• (February 1995). The language of vision. Communication at the Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.